A member of the Smallpox Eradication Program team visited every house, public meeting area, school, and healer within 5 miles to ensure the illness did not spread. A house-to-house vaccination campaign within a 1.5-mile radius of her home began immediately. She was isolated at home with house guards posted 24 hours a day until she was no longer infectious. She was also the last person in Asia to have active smallpox. In late 1975, three-year-old Rahima Banu from Bangladesh was the last person in the world to have naturally acquired variola major. The Program made steady progress toward ridding the world of this disease, and by 1971 smallpox was eradicated from South America, followed by Asia (1975), and finally Africa (1977). Cases were still occurring in South America, Asia, and Africa (smallpox was never widespread in Australia).
Other factors that played an important role in the success of the intensified efforts included the development of the bifurcated needle, the establishment of a case surveillance system, and mass vaccination campaigns.īy the time the Intensified Eradication Program began in 1967, smallpox was already eliminated in North America (1952) and Europe (1953).
Laboratories in many countries where smallpox occurred regularly were able to produce more, higher-quality freeze-dried vaccine. The Intensified Eradication Program began in 1967 with a promise of renewed efforts. Despite their best efforts, smallpox was still widespread in 1966, causing regular outbreaks across South America, Africa, and Asia. Unfortunately, this global eradication campaign suffered from a lack of funds, personnel, and commitment from countries, and a shortage of vaccine donations. In 1959, the World Health Organization (WHO) started a plan to rid the world of smallpox. At some point in the 1800s, the virus used to make the smallpox vaccine changed from cowpox to vaccinia virus. Vaccination became widely accepted and gradually replaced the practice of variolation. More experiments followed, and, in 1801, Jenner published his treatise “On the Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation.” In this work, he summarized his discoveries and expressed hope that “the annihilation of the smallpox, the most dreadful scourge of the human species, must be the final result of this practice.” Months later, Jenner exposed Phipps several times to variola virus, but Phipps never developed smallpox. Jenner took material from a cowpox sore on milkmaid Sarah Nelmes’ hand and inoculated it into the arm of James Phipps, the 9-year-old son of Jenner’s gardener. Jenner also knew about variolation and guessed that exposure to cowpox could be used to protect against smallpox. The basis for vaccination began in 1796 when the English doctor Edward Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had gotten cowpox were protected from smallpox. However, fewer people died from variolation than if they had acquired smallpox naturally. After variolation, people usually developed the symptoms associated with smallpox, such as fever and a rash. During variolation, people who had never had smallpox were exposed to material from smallpox sores (pustules) by scratching the material into their arm or inhaling it through the nose. One of the first methods for controlling smallpox was variolation, a process named after the virus that causes smallpox (variola virus). People who survived usually had scars, which were sometimes severe. On average, 3 out of every 10 people who got it died.
6 th Century-Increased trade with China and Korea brings smallpox to Japan.Expanding trade routes over the centuries also led to the spread of the disease. Historians trace the global spread of smallpox to the growth of civilizations and exploration. Early written descriptions also appeared in India in the 7 th century and in Asia Minor in the 10 th century. The earliest written description of a disease like smallpox appeared in China in the 4 th century CE (Common Era). The finding of smallpox-like rashes on Egyptian mummies suggests that smallpox has existed for at least 3,000 years.
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